Man’s Impact on the Environment Essay

Contamination is the nearness or presentation into the earth of a substance or thing that has unsafe or toxic impacts. It is made for the most part by human activities, however can likewise be an aftereffect of cataclysmic events. Contamination detrimentally affects each living being in nature, making it progressively unreasonable for living beings in the earth. to support life. Contamination hurts the Earth’s condition and its occupants from various perspectives. The three principle kinds of contamination are: Land Pollution, Air Pollution and Water Pollution. Understand increasingly: Bad Effects of Various Festivals on the Environment Land Pollution Land contamination is the corruption of Earth’s land surfaces regularly brought about by human exercises (modern, business, residential and agrarian) and their abuse of land assets. Land contamination is brought about by the accompanying:- †¢Chemical and atomic plants †¢Industrial industrial facilities †¢Oil treatment facilities †¢Human sewage †¢Oil †¢Mining †¢Littering †¢Overcrowded landfills †¢Deforestation †¢Construction trash †¢Non †biodegradable waste †¢Insecticides and Herbicides Concoction and Nuclear Plants Concoction and atomic force plants produce squander materials. Some end up in landfills and different less sheltered storerooms. Some break, causing pollution of soil for many years before it is sheltered to develop crops on them once more. Non †Biodegradable Waste Instances of these include: Mercury and Led. Destructive substances gather on the land and thus become hindering to the strength of living beings ashore, yet creatures noticeable all around and in water. Bug sprays and Biodegradable Most normally utilized in the Agriculture Industry. These fake techniques for freeing plants and creatures of irritations and creepy crawlies amass in life forms through the natural pecking order which some of the time causes a passing in the top buyers which further outcomes in a decimation of the evolved ways of life and changes.

Team Building 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Group Building 3 - Term Paper Example In any case, there are various different activities that help to limit clashes and prepare to them (Schellenberg, 1996). Extraordinary compared to other group building activities to stay away from clashes is a hands-in practice that assists with recognizing a working environment incivility. It is entitled Are You Part of the Problem? To do this activity the members are to respond to eight inquiries and afterward investigate the outcomes. The inquiries are the accompanying ones: 1) Did you give little consideration to the data given by another person or exhibit little enthusiasm for his/her perspective? 2) Did you make disparaging, harsh or impolite comments about some individual? 3) Did you make any undesirable endeavors to bring some individual into a conversation of any close to home issues? 4) Did you ridicule a coworker? 5) Did you make any strict, ethnic or racial jokes at work? 6) Did you revile a coworker? 7) Did you freely humiliate some individual at work? 8) Did you pull a mean trick on a coworker? It is prescribed to do this activity with all representatives toward the finish of consistently. This offers a chance to break down the connection among individuals and the likelihood of contention circumstances. It is important to set up the cards with inquiries for this activity. Each card ought to incorporate the previously mentioned questions and a plan for focuses. It might be printed the accompanying way: Never Often 1 †2 †3 †4 †5 The representatives ought to pick one point for each question and afterward reach determinations. The outcomes might be the accompanying ones: 8-16 methods great authoritative resident 17-31 †cautious, one’s mean streak is demonstrating 32-40 †there is a genuine social porcupine The previously mentioned practice is additionally useful in the event that it is important to see whether there are any close to home clashes at work. It is somewhat essential to do that as such clashes keep indiv iduals from working all the more effectively. In addition, as indicated by measurements, there are around 400 twenty different mental issue that may cause clashes at work. Along these lines, the need of the previously mentioned practice is obvious. In any case, it isn't exceptionally simple to make it a piece of cooperation. That is the reason it is additionally critical to make some arrangement or procedure to apply the activity and inspire very worker to take a functioning part in it. Each individual ought to comprehend that he/she should test his/her manner to struggle circumstances at work. I propose the accompanying arrangement for applying an activity recommended previously. 1) The principal activity is to set up an activity. Thus, it is important to make cards, print questions and scale for examining the outcomes on them. It is smarter to utilize splendid hues to make cards, since this will assist with setting up cordial climate during addressing the inquiries. 2) Then, it is important to set up the representatives to the activity. This is impossible precipitously. Individuals should know when and how they will partake in cross examinations. In addition, they ought to know about the reason and need of the things done by them. In this way, the workers and the person who is responsible for doing an activity ought to have a discussion so as to catch the people’s consideration regarding the activity. 3) It is critical to convey a talk about clash before doing an activity. This will assist with understanding that it is critical to

Definition of a Short Story Essay

A short story is a â€Å"short bit of fiction focusing on solidarity of portrayal, subject and impact. second definition: The creators of the cutting edge English short story â€Å"no longer endeavor to make every day life all the more engaging by imagining extraordinary plots. Rather, current short story scholars have would in general base their accounts on their own understanding; here the spotlight is considerably more on the less stupendous parts of life, on the criticalness hidden what is clearly minor. The aftereffect of such insightful composing is flawlessness of structure, amicability of subject and structure, and accuracy of style to uncover the nuances of the human brain and of human conduct. third definition: Numerous endeavors have been made to characterize the short story. In any case, on a couple of focuses in any event, the assessment of most pundits is consistent. This doesn't suggest that the scholarly type of the American short story can be set up in an unbending manner. It has experienced and will most likely despite everything experience numerous progressions as the scholarly taste and requests of the perusing open likewise change over the span of time with new points of view. What are a portion of the components that make up a decent story? an) A short story is a bit of exposition fiction which can be perused at a solitary sitting. b) It should consolidate matter-of-truth portrayal with graceful climate. c) It should introduce a bound together impression of temper, tone, shading, and impact. d) It for the most part shows a conclusive snapshot of life (which can involve a deadly blow). e) There is frequently little activity, barely any character improvement, yet we get a depiction of life. f) Its plot isn't intricate (as opposed to the novel), yet it makes a bound together impression and leaves us with a distinctive sensation instead of various recalled realities. g) There is a nearby association between the short story and the sonnet as there is both an extraordinary association of thought and structure. The short story is a bit of craftsmanship that attempts to give us a predetermined impression of the world we live in. It intends to create a solitary account impact with the best economy of means and most extreme accen tuation.

Deviant Culture in the National Football League Essay - 1375 Words

Deviant Culture in the National Football League (Essay Sample) Content: Deviant Culture in the National Football LeagueNameCollegeAbstractThe National Football League (NFL) traces its origin back in the late 19th century. The league developed through a series of mergers to the present prestigious status. In the recent years the leagues has grown into a multibillion enterprises attracting huge funs support and making billions of dollars from sponsors and fees. The league attracts the best talented footballers in the USA by the high salaries they offer. However, the players have to work hard to bring success to their teams and remain on top of their game. This objective calls for great sacrifice from the player something not commonly known by their supporters. The pursuit of glory, success and recognition has transformed the game into a combat zone.NFL is home to the American strongest footballers who use their huge bodies to gain teams success at all cost. The league is marred by a series of deviant behaviour perpetuated by the players in the quest for team glory. The conduct of the league players have come into strong criticism after the bullying and abuse in the locker rooms came to light. It is a custom in the league for initiation of new team members something meant to create awareness and incorporate the new member into the fraternity. However, the recent past haswitnessed great abuse of the new playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬srights by being psychologically and physically abused by the team members in the process of initiations. Most a times this initiation process run smoothly aimed at impacting the teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s norms and objectives into the player but in other instances this practice has been used as an avenue for torture and racial abuse. This culture seems to hasten and continues to bring harm to the players psychologically creating a drift amongst the players.Mental and physical toughness defines a footballer at the leagues. The league has a culture that embraces and rewards strength and condemns weakness CITATION P at91 \l 2057 (Adler, 1991)s. Players have been initiated into this culture of physical and mental toughness and so they pursue it at all cost. All team members strive to remain fit and nobody wants to be seen as the weaker member of the team. In pursuit of this objective player fight to remain in the game and deliver despite injuries sustained. In addition it is perceived as weakness for a player to get injured and be carried out of the field or seeking medical assistance.To this end the players fight on despite their injuries as prove of strength. The league has a slogan which inspire the players and at the same time, the slogans has been the cause of grieve to many players. The league expects players to act like a man a slogan implying exhibiting physical and mental streagth at all times. This slogan in particular has been the cause of many abuse cases in the league. With players being encouraged to act like men,any form of weakness therefore, is considered an abuse to manhood. With this at stake player go every extent to protect their manhood by being tough which extends to bullying to other players.America is home to different sexual orientations with gay right provided for by law. NFL has been used as an avenue to resolve society stigma and stereotypes associated with a particular group. Gays have been a focus on the NFL with issues of mistrust from their team mates. The game offers a good avenue for gays to prove themselves worth of trust by being the men in the game. Similarly, black players in the past were racially abused and just like their gay counter parts they get into the game to prove they are the best men CITATION Pat91 \l 2057 (Adler, 1991). The notion of being a man in the league implies toughness mainly measured by the lever of pain endurance from the player. This gives a team member a fighting spirit in the midst of severe pain. The condition is worsened by the culture outside the field where funs mount pressure for players to deliver. M any a time if funs perceive a player as weak they will always make fun of him. Similarly, if a player gets injured and allows themselves to be taken out of the field by the medical team, the funs pick up on the player if they find him walking during the week. This pressure from all quarters makes the game dangerous as the playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strives to show their strength and pain endurance.The league has a unique culture of conflict resolution which encourages physical combat as the preferred method of solving issues. This is mainly defined by the notion of being a man who calls for mental and physical mighty. Given these surroundings therefore, conflicts are mostly resolved through fights since each party to the conflict wants to prove himself a man. The recent bullying of Jonathan Martin by a team mate Richie Incognito reveals the offensive cultureof the NFL. Jonathan Martin a former offensive lineman of Dolphin team and Richie Incognito a team leaderin the same team has evoked ma ny questions on the culture of NFL. Jonathan received insulting text messages and mails from Incognito a team mate on various occasions a matter that made him leave the team after the abuse became public. When confronted Incognito accepted using abusive language on the team mate but argued that the language he used is the one used for communication in the in the team. He claimed that the team uses vulgar language to communicate at no offence and further argued that his action reflected the locker room culture.Abuse and brutality has painted the picture of the multibillion NFL industry CITATION Cal12 \l 2057 (Nite, 2012). Suspended Dolphin player Richie Incognitor sees nothing wrong for abusing his team mate Martin since that is the culture of the league. It is not the first time for this kind of abuse in the league; retired Philadelphia Eagles Shawn Andrews accused his team mates for abusing him verbally and making false statements about his sexualitysomething that made his stay di fficult at the club. These kinds of abuse are mainly conducted to shape up the perceived weak members of the team. The sole objective is the maintenance of the club at the right position by toughening the weak players or making them leave the team. Although Incognito behaviour towards Martin is a case of abuse of his rights, many league players and funs perceive it differently. To many the action of walking away from the team that Martin took after the Incoginito abuses became publicwas a sign of weakness. Many league supporters wereseen carryingposters supportingincognitoduring the matches that followed. Most league players have claimed that Martin should have dealt with the issue like a man; he should have responded to the abuse in the similar manner. Some players goes ahead to justify the abuse by citing the Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s move as cowardice and weakness that should not be allowed in the team.The possibility of regulating the conduct of the players in NFL is hindered by the ul timate quest for profits by the teams. There is great competition in the league as the profits realized are huge; therefore teams pursue this quest at the cost humiliating and hostile environment to their players. This is a form of exploitation which got roots too in the American college games.Claims of college athletesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ exploitationhave been in the rise promoting numerous investigation and study into the matter. Many college and universities contract their athletes mainly at freshmen levers with the colleges being the beneficiaries from the proceeds of the student activities. The colleges make millions of dollars from these athletes but pay them only a stipend CITATION Der11 \l 2057 (Rheenen, 2011). This exploitation has been largely directed towards the black studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬athletes with study revealing that the university even admits black students who are not qualified for the university education mainly due to their talents abilities which the colleges exploit to their advantage. Most college athletes realise this exploitation in their final years of study which limits their actions towards the colleges. The Universities exploit the athletes without much concern on their academic progress a situation that led to reduced graduation rates of black athletes. Study reveals that black student athletes have low graduation rates from colleges which are non-historically black as compared to graduation rates of black students in other institutions.The national Football League has become a combat zone with war themes being the marketing packages of the league. Military war tactics and codes have found their way into the league making it an avenue for showing might and destroying their opponents. This branding of the league seems to impress the league funs which make the practice more engraved. Players regard themselves as soldiers with their couches as their commanding generals who fight aggressively to protect and safe guard the interest of their te ams CITATION Der11 \l 2057 (Rheenen, 2011). This militaristic culture makes the players risk their health to defend their teams at all cost. This mainly results in severe injuries both physical and mental which sometimes results to fatal damages. Many cases of suicide or attempted suicide have been reported in the past as a result of severe brain in... Deviant Culture in the National Football League Essay - 1375 Words Deviant Culture in the National Football League (Essay Sample) Content: Deviant Culture in the National Football LeagueNameCollegeAbstractThe National Football League (NFL) traces its origin back in the late 19th century. The league developed through a series of mergers to the present prestigious status. In the recent years the leagues has grown into a multibillion enterprises attracting huge funs support and making billions of dollars from sponsors and fees. The league attracts the best talented footballers in the USA by the high salaries they offer. However, the players have to work hard to bring success to their teams and remain on top of their game. This objective calls for great sacrifice from the player something not commonly known by their supporters. The pursuit of glory, success and recognition has transformed the game into a combat zone.NFL is home to the American strongest footballers who use their huge bodies to gain teams success at all cost. The league is marred by a series of deviant behaviour perpetuated by the players in the quest for team glory. The conduct of the league players have come into strong criticism after the bullying and abuse in the locker rooms came to light. It is a custom in the league for initiation of new team members something meant to create awareness and incorporate the new member into the fraternity. However, the recent past haswitnessed great abuse of the new playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬srights by being psychologically and physically abused by the team members in the process of initiations. Most a times this initiation process run smoothly aimed at impacting the teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s norms and objectives into the player but in other instances this practice has been used as an avenue for torture and racial abuse. This culture seems to hasten and continues to bring harm to the players psychologically creating a drift amongst the players.Mental and physical toughness defines a footballer at the leagues. The league has a culture that embraces and rewards strength and condemns weakness CITATION P at91 \l 2057 (Adler, 1991)s. Players have been initiated into this culture of physical and mental toughness and so they pursue it at all cost. All team members strive to remain fit and nobody wants to be seen as the weaker member of the team. In pursuit of this objective player fight to remain in the game and deliver despite injuries sustained. In addition it is perceived as weakness for a player to get injured and be carried out of the field or seeking medical assistance.To this end the players fight on despite their injuries as prove of strength. The league has a slogan which inspire the players and at the same time, the slogans has been the cause of grieve to many players. The league expects players to act like a man a slogan implying exhibiting physical and mental streagth at all times. This slogan in particular has been the cause of many abuse cases in the league. With players being encouraged to act like men,any form of weakness therefore, is considered an abuse to manhood. With this at stake player go every extent to protect their manhood by being tough which extends to bullying to other players.America is home to different sexual orientations with gay right provided for by law. NFL has been used as an avenue to resolve society stigma and stereotypes associated with a particular group. Gays have been a focus on the NFL with issues of mistrust from their team mates. The game offers a good avenue for gays to prove themselves worth of trust by being the men in the game. Similarly, black players in the past were racially abused and just like their gay counter parts they get into the game to prove they are the best men CITATION Pat91 \l 2057 (Adler, 1991). The notion of being a man in the league implies toughness mainly measured by the lever of pain endurance from the player. This gives a team member a fighting spirit in the midst of severe pain. The condition is worsened by the culture outside the field where funs mount pressure for players to deliver. M any a time if funs perceive a player as weak they will always make fun of him. Similarly, if a player gets injured and allows themselves to be taken out of the field by the medical team, the funs pick up on the player if they find him walking during the week. This pressure from all quarters makes the game dangerous as the playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strives to show their strength and pain endurance.The league has a unique culture of conflict resolution which encourages physical combat as the preferred method of solving issues. This is mainly defined by the notion of being a man who calls for mental and physical mighty. Given these surroundings therefore, conflicts are mostly resolved through fights since each party to the conflict wants to prove himself a man. The recent bullying of Jonathan Martin by a team mate Richie Incognito reveals the offensive cultureof the NFL. Jonathan Martin a former offensive lineman of Dolphin team and Richie Incognito a team leaderin the same team has evoked ma ny questions on the culture of NFL. Jonathan received insulting text messages and mails from Incognito a team mate on various occasions a matter that made him leave the team after the abuse became public. When confronted Incognito accepted using abusive language on the team mate but argued that the language he used is the one used for communication in the in the team. He claimed that the team uses vulgar language to communicate at no offence and further argued that his action reflected the locker room culture.Abuse and brutality has painted the picture of the multibillion NFL industry CITATION Cal12 \l 2057 (Nite, 2012). Suspended Dolphin player Richie Incognitor sees nothing wrong for abusing his team mate Martin since that is the culture of the league. It is not the first time for this kind of abuse in the league; retired Philadelphia Eagles Shawn Andrews accused his team mates for abusing him verbally and making false statements about his sexualitysomething that made his stay di fficult at the club. These kinds of abuse are mainly conducted to shape up the perceived weak members of the team. The sole objective is the maintenance of the club at the right position by toughening the weak players or making them leave the team. Although Incognito behaviour towards Martin is a case of abuse of his rights, many league players and funs perceive it differently. To many the action of walking away from the team that Martin took after the Incoginito abuses became publicwas a sign of weakness. Many league supporters wereseen carryingposters supportingincognitoduring the matches that followed. Most league players have claimed that Martin should have dealt with the issue like a man; he should have responded to the abuse in the similar manner. Some players goes ahead to justify the abuse by citing the Martinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s move as cowardice and weakness that should not be allowed in the team.The possibility of regulating the conduct of the players in NFL is hindered by the ul timate quest for profits by the teams. There is great competition in the league as the profits realized are huge; therefore teams pursue this quest at the cost humiliating and hostile environment to their players. This is a form of exploitation which got roots too in the American college games.Claims of college athletesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ exploitationhave been in the rise promoting numerous investigation and study into the matter. Many college and universities contract their athletes mainly at freshmen levers with the colleges being the beneficiaries from the proceeds of the student activities. The colleges make millions of dollars from these athletes but pay them only a stipend CITATION Der11 \l 2057 (Rheenen, 2011). This exploitation has been largely directed towards the black studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬athletes with study revealing that the university even admits black students who are not qualified for the university education mainly due to their talents abilities which the colleges exploit to their advantage. Most college athletes realise this exploitation in their final years of study which limits their actions towards the colleges. The Universities exploit the athletes without much concern on their academic progress a situation that led to reduced graduation rates of black athletes. Study reveals that black student athletes have low graduation rates from colleges which are non-historically black as compared to graduation rates of black students in other institutions.The national Football League has become a combat zone with war themes being the marketing packages of the league. Military war tactics and codes have found their way into the league making it an avenue for showing might and destroying their opponents. This branding of the league seems to impress the league funs which make the practice more engraved. Players regard themselves as soldiers with their couches as their commanding generals who fight aggressively to protect and safe guard the interest of their te ams CITATION Der11 \l 2057 (Rheenen, 2011). This militaristic culture makes the players risk their health to defend their teams at all cost. This mainly results in severe injuries both physical and mental which sometimes results to fatal damages. Many cases of suicide or attempted suicide have been reported in the past as a result of severe brain in...

Federal Bureau Of Investigation Agent Essay - 907 Words

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Agent) Associate Dean once said â€Å"It just dispelled all of the bad things I’d ever heard about the FBI†¦ that the FBI was sneaky and out to get people.† The career of the FBI is a remarkable and exciting career, because of the endless possibility of helping the world get better in any kind of way . The research will describe the career of Federal Bureau of Investigation , what is required to become a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent a successful career and the impact this career has on has on society. The Federal Bureau of Investigation hires an agent to act as the lead investigators in the United States. The duty of an FBI is to guard the United States from Terrorists and Foreign intelligence threats, also to provide leadership and criminal justice services. The FBI has to develop effective work plans. They need to arrange resources to accomplish goals. The FBI has an investigative partnership with cops, sheriffs, etc. The FBI investigates spies, hackers, pedophiles, mobsters, gang leaders and serial killers, they investigate everything that can be a threat to the country or other people. FBI agent is able to carry firearms and most of the time are only called when they need to find a high profile criminal. Agents might sometimes run into dangerous situations. They have to travel extensively, they’re lifestyles are very sudden they can be on the go at any time. FBI agent are in charge of investigating more than 200 differentShow MoreRelatedFederal Bureau Of Investigation Agent Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagescareer, because of the endless possibility of helping the world get better in any kind of way . The research will describe the career of Federal Bureau of Investigation , what is required to become a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent a successful career and the impact this career has on has on society. 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According to Roth (2014), instead of seeking solely to identify individuals who are actively engaged in criminal conduct, now agents also have deliberately sought to identify individuals who might be willing to aid acts of terrorism, even if they are not currently involved in such activities (p. 981). The vagueness of the term willing and its legal implications can

The Generation Gap Caused By Collectivism And Individualism

The Generation Gap Caused by Collectivism and Individualism Whether in non-western countries or westerns countries, when there are changes in politics and societies, families and individuals are affected greatly. In many non-western countries such as China, Japan and Korea, collectivism is considered as one of the most significant values in the cultures, whereas in western countries such as the United states, individualism is emphasized. However, from the middle of 19th century, a great number of Asian people immigrate to the United States. Notably, California received the greatest number of Asian American. It is reported that â€Å"by 1880 the majority of the 322,000 Chinese who had entered the country since 1850 had passed through California†(Allerfeldt 54). Those immigrants maintain collectivistic values such as â€Å"family embeddedness†(Costigan 1252), while their offsprings orient to individualistic values and the host culture. The different value orientations may lead to conflict. For example, in the book Southland, Frank, who was the second generation of Japanese American, was not fascinated in visiting Little Tokyo, and thus his father felt angry and forced Frank to go with him(Revpyr 92). In addition to family, different generations may orient toward different values in business. For example, the old generation orient toward collectivism, whereas the young generation orient toward individualism. Whether in family or business, Whether in family or business, differentShow MoreRelatedEssay on National Culture Influences on International Management2513 Words   |  11 Pageslearned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations. It can be seen that culture is formed by lifestyle and knowledge acquisition of people from a certain region, and then it stands for a general preference, opinion, and value of them. 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It indicates that there has been a change in culture suggesting that Eastern consumers purchasing preferences appears to imitate Western style behaviour. In terms of purchasing luxury brand items, UK and Thai consumers seems to

Sugar and Mood in Children free essay sample

White and Wolraich study based on reports that dietary sucrose and sweetener aspartame produce hyperactivity and behavior problems among children. Conclusion- no impact of increased intake on behavior or cognitive function, some may have idiosyncratic or rare allergic reactions. Even studies using children diagnosed with ADD showed no differences in activity, behavior and cognitive performance in response to increased sugar. In summary, clinical investigations have not demonstrated significant effect of sucrose on aggressive or disruptive behavior, motor activity or cognitive performance in children. Then how does sugar intake affect mood? Food-Mood link – Every dip or rise in moon, every hunger pang every thought, every response is orchestrated by these nerve cells and their neurotransmitters. At least 70 neurotransmitters have been identified that regulate nerve function, including memory, appetite, mental function, mood, movement and the wake-sleep cycle. For eg, too little norepinephrine causes depression, too little acetylcholine results in memory loss, insulin increases food intake, opioids (endorphins) increase fat intake, dopamine inhibits appetite, serotonin – low –increases carb intake, high-decreases carb intake, estrogen – increases food intake. These neurotransmitters housed in central regions of the brain such as the hypothalamus also regulate reproduction and communicate closely with other brain centers such as amygdala that control emotions. Our food preferences, desires, cravings and loves are hardwired into our basic survival instincts for survival, safety and love. What you eat directly and indirectly affect all these nerve chemicals which inturn influence moods, energy level, food cravings, stress levels, and sleep habits. For eg, nerve chemical histamine is built from the amino acid histadine. Histamine is imt in regulating alertness, brain energy metabolism, release of hormones; appetite and coordination. Vitamins and minerals work as assembly line workers in the manufacture of neurotransmitter. Some neurotransmitters become more or less active depending on dietary intake. Either overconsuming or dramatically restricting a particular food such as fats or carbs can trigger imbalances in neurotransmitters that can contribute to depression, irritability, food cravings, mood swings, and thinking problems. Nutrients such as protein, zinc, vit B6, iodine, folic acid, and vit B12 are essential for the normal development of the nervous system. Food additives such as MSG an chemicals such as tyramine found in aged cheese can influence brain activity and result in mood changes or interfere with the manufacture or release of neurotransmitters. Others can block or alter†¦ and can affect mood and thinking. The manufacture of most neurotransmitters is controlled by the brain. But some are directly influenced by what you eat, especially amino acids. Eg tryptophan found in meat and milk, is a building block for serotonin and dopamine and norepinephrine are influenced by the amt of tyrosine in the diet. Eg a person consumes a protein rich snack or mean, blood level of all amino acids rise, blood amino acids compete for entry into the brain, only moderate amt of serotonin are made and stored, person feels depressed, irritable and or carves a carb rich snack. In contrast, a carb rich meal triggers the release of insulin from the pancreas. This hormone causes most amino acids floating in the blood to be absorbed into the body’s cells, except tryptophan which remains in the bloodstream. With competition removed tryptophan enters the brain freely causing serotonin levels to rise. High serotonin levels increases feelings of calmness or drowsiness, improve sleep patterns, increase pain tolerance, reduce cravings for carb rich foods. Binge eating is often linked to stress. A person is stressed, follows a restrictive diet or skips meals. The adrenals release corticosterone. Corticosterone reaches the hypothalamus, hypothalamus releases NPY (neuropeptide Y), a person craces carb rich stratches and sweets. Elevated endorphins also contribute to a pregnant woman’s longings for certain foods (inconjunction with the female hormone progesterone) uncontrollable cravings the 2 wks before her period, sweeth tooth during times of stress, cravings of alcohol in an alcoholic, overeating in obese people, bing eaters and bulimics. The nerve chemicals that dictate your food preference and mood are not housed exclusively in the brain. Some are located in the digestive tract, pancreas, adrenal glands and fat tissue. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone found in both the brain and the small intestine that aids in digestion and contributes to a feeling of satiation. Estrogen in women enhances CCK effectiveness. More CCK released, the slower you digest food and faster you feel full so less you eat. Studies indicate low levels of CCK in people with eating disorders such as bulimia. In contrast AIDS patients have high level of CCK and low endorphin levels so they lose their appetites. It is likely that enterostatin, serotonin, galanin and endorphins work in concert to raise and lower cravings for fatty foods from salad dressing and mayo to meat and chocolate. Numerous scientific studies have shown that the menstrual cycle influences food intake. Healthy women consume 90-500 kcal/day during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase- increase in carb, fat and protein intake. Vit c consumption is lower and increase of intakes of vit D, riboflavin, potassium, phosphorous, and magnesium have been reported. A low-fat diet has been associated with decreased bloating. Caffeine consumption has been associated with an increased prevalence and severity of premenstrual symptoms. There is some evidence that a high-carb low protein meal will improve mood in women with PMS, but few data show that this same effect will occur in healthy women or in women with psychoogic disorders such as depression. Nutritionists in particular should help women focus on managing their food cravings and incorporating the craved foods into a balanced, healthful diet. Numerous biologic factors are postulated to cause food craving. Evidence exists that food deprivation, including self-imposed restriction such as dieting leads to craving. However, decreased cravings have occurred in obese people on low caloric or very low caloric diets. Food cravings have also been attributed to a requirement for a specific nutrient lacking in the diet. For eg Craving of chocolate can be attributed to its magnesium content, although scientific experiments do not generally support this view. It has been suggested that certain foods are craved because they contain substances that influence brain neurochemistry to create a feeling of well-being. Bioactive substances such as tryptophan and carbohydrate both thought to increase brain serotonin levels. Chocolate contains several biologically active compounds including the methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine, precursors phenylaline and tyrosine and biogenic amines phenylethylamine and tyramine. After evaluating the literature in this area, Rogers commented that serious reviews have found little support for the hypothesis that chocolate craving is related to psychoactive constituents. So what does chocolate do to us – It has been suggested that chocolate consumption may elevate mood because it contains several biologically active compounds. Chocolate is a rich source of antioxidants the substances that can block cellular and arterial damage caused by oxidation reactions that go on endlessly in the body. According to researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas , the same antioxidants called Flavinoids found in red wine that protects from heart disease and cancer. Chocolate contains other chemicals that have brain activity tryptophan, the building block of serotonin, a relaxation-inducing neurotransmitter and phenylethylamine, a stimulant related to amphetamine that can improve mood in some depressed people. Phenylethylamine is the chemical released in the brain when people become infatuated or fall in love, and it has bestowed upon chocolate the aura of an aphrodisiac. – New York Times article Valentine to Dark Chocolate, but go easy. Sweet Taste of Beating Sugar Habit – Hubert Herring – I should note that many experts pooh pooh the idea of sugar addiction. It is â€Å"hard to conceive of an ‘addiction’ to a chemical that occurs naturally in all of us,† says Dr Walsh, professor of psychiatry at Columbia. But a sweet taste is certainly â€Å"rewarding† he said â€Å"the brain circuits that are involved in the recognition of reward are the same ones (or at least overlap with the ones) that are involved in addiction† Carb Craving – double blind placebo controlled test of self medication hypothesis – Corsica, Spring Every third testing day, participants were asked to self administer the beverage they preferred based on its previous mood effect. Results showed that, when rendered mildly dysphoric, carbohydrate cravers chose the carbohydrate beverage significantly more often than the protein-rich beverage and reported the prior produced greater mood improvement. The carb beverage was perceived as more palatable by the carbohydrate cravers, although not by independent taste testers. This study supports the existence of a carbohydrate craving syndrome in which carbohydrate self administration improves mildly dysphoric mood. The carb craving syndrome is often defined as a disorder of disturbed appetite and mood, irresistible desire to consume sweet or starchy foods in response to negative states (Wurtman 1990). Mood improvement following carb ingestion is thought to occur via a typtophan mediated increase in brain serotonin potentially alleviating a functional deficiency in brain serotonin and thus serving as self-medication (Spring, Wurtman etc) A significant design flaw in many studies has been that the high carb and high protein foods have differed not only in macronutrient content but it in hedonic and sensory value with the carb options perceived as being more hedonically appealing. A final important design flaw has been the failure to standardize the timing of testing in relation to the female menstrual cycle. Menstrually related effects on mood, appetite and food craving are well-documented and represent a potential confound to the study of macronutrient effects on mood. Carb craving appears to be a predictor of poor response to weight loss treatment – need to understand the mechanisms associated with overweight as well as difficulties with weight loss and weight loss maintenance – many people attribute their weight management difficulties to carb craving, carb craving has been associated with weight increase (spring.. ), there is an epidemic of overweight and obesity in the US. Carbohydrate cravers chose to self administer carb significantly more often than the taste caloric matched protein rich balanced nutrient alternative- according to Corsica, Spring study. The effect of the mood manipulation was analyzed via repeated ANOVA with POMS dysphoria score as the deoebdebt variable and time.. Dysphoria at manipulation check was significantly associated with increased carb craving across all testing days. We tested whether individuals who self-describe as carb cravers and met rig criteria for carb craving would demonstrate carb preference and mood enhance in a double-blind.. trial. Our results demonstrate that in a highly controlled environment, the carb craver appears to successfully and saliently self-medicate mildly dysphoric mood via carb ingestion. Study included participants who were depressed or binge eaters because we believe that this enhances the generalizability of these findings to the population of carb cravers, although this may also introduce additional variability and a potential confound. Post hoc analyses showed that binge eaters didn’t not contribute mood, choice, hunger or palatability data that was significantly different than the other participants. CONCLUSION –disturbed mood and eating patters have consistently been observed among individuals labeled â€Å"carb cravers† The self- administration of carb may be reinforced in car cravers by reduction of unpleasant mood states or possibly by perception of palatability, a pattern that with repetition may result in overweight and obesity. These findings suggest a need to assist carb cravers in identify alternative ways of alleviating dysphoric mood or discomfort other than high caloric carb intake. Chose low calorie carb rich snack foods, increase physical activity or employ cognitive behavioral techniques to reduce dysphoric mood (Spring et al. 1997) Carb craving has been viewed from a biological perspective, it has been suggested that cravings are an expression of an energy or specific nutrient requirement, or that addiction is explained by the presence of a naturally occurring psychoactive compound in the food. Study explains an overview of appetite control and dietary restraint as background to an integrated â€Å"biopsychosocial† perspective on food craving and addiction (chocoholism) Individuals vary in their vulnerability to addiction due to factors such as socioeconomic circumstances and inherited traits – evidence og genetic predisposition to alcoholism and substances vary in their addictive potential according to their capacity to produce positive psychoactive effects and neuroadaptive changes that occur with continued substance use. Why chocolate and other foods might have a relatively high addictive potential. Psychoactive constituents of chocolate- Food craving and self-reported food addiction and cognitive influences of eating. Ambivalence about certain foods that leads to attempts to resist eating them and the heed to provide explanation of why this is difficult and sometimes fails. This does not mean that we regard biological effects of eating are unimportant but merely these form only part of the determinants of human eating behavior and the experiences accompanying eating. Chocolate â€Å"Nice but Naughty† – considered unhealthy food, lacking in nutritional value and stigmatized with overeating and obesity. Attribution – Call me chocoholic, or I am addicted etc.. makes it ok to eat it. Moreishness – â€Å"Causing a desire for more†. There is also a wide overlap of the brain mechanisms underlying the rewarding effects of food and drugs and foods are, like drugs of abuse, strong reinforcers. It may reasonable to label the compulsive eating seen in bulimia and binge eating disorder to addiction, however vast majority should not be viewed that way. Crucially eating does not appear to produce powerful neuroadaptive effects, including associated withdrawal effects, which are central to drug addiction. Self report food craving and â€Å"addiction† gives a prominent role to the psychological processes of ambivalence and attribution, operating together with normal mechanisms of appetite control, the hedonic affects of certain foods and socially and culturally determined perceptions of the appropriate intakes and uses of those foods. – Rogers and SMIT article Megan Brooks article – According to researchers several nutrient factors that could be linked to mood, such as increased caffeine, fat, carb and energy intake, bore no significant correlation with mood symptoms, suggesting relative specificity of chocolate finding. Gordon Parker, MD, PhD, of the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia †¦these personality styles that underpin chocolate cravings reflect â€Å"neuroticism or what we would call emotional dysregulation† Study by Parker, Parer and Brotchie on Mood effects of chocolate suggest that chocolate can provide its own hedonistic reward by satisfying cravings but when consumed as a comfort eating or emotional eating strategy is more likely to be associated with prolongation rather than cessation of a dysphoric mood. Eg – Chocolate has the capacity to lift spirits to create highs and make people feel good. In an earlier review of atypical depression and its constituent feature of hyperphagia (Parker et al) we noted the capacity of carb, including chocolate, to have a comforting effect to also promote ‘feel good’ sensations through the release of multiple gut and brain peptides. Others have argued that carb craving in atypical depression and in seasonal affective disorder is a form of self medication and in having an impact on brain neurotransmitters have antidepressant effects. Orosensory properties of chocolate and the pleasure principle – morishness – once you start you cant stop. Palatability is determined by innate responses such as inborn taste preferences for sweets, fat and salt but a dislike for bitter tastes, and by learning. Post ingestive effects increase gradually with the amount eaten and eating stops when they outweigh the orosensory effects. Craving is experienced during abstinence but ‘moreishness’ is experienced while eating. Heightened responsiveness to increased palatability is often cited as a major factor in the development of obesity and even rats on a highly palatable high-fat or ‘supermarket’ diet will overeat to the point of obesity. Chocolate provides preferred tastes and texture they have innate appeal and the combinations increase the hedonic rating challenging the satiety ceiling that might otherwise apply. Orosensory properties of chocolate outweigh more simple explanations of its role in appetite and satiety. If the appeal is the unique sensory combination of chocolate then chocolate is the only way to satisfy that craving (Michener and Rozin) Another view regards craving for chocolate and carb as a homeostatic response to dietary deficiencies. Emotional eaing – Lyman (1982) has observed that food preference is altered across a range of mood states with preference for ‘junk food’ increased during negative mood states and preference for healthy foods during increasing during positive mood states. A review by Ganley indicated that stress associated eating is more common in those overweight or obese but that mixed results in the research means that direction of association is unclear. Natural tendency during stress is decreased food intake reflecting activation of the sympathetic nervous system (Schachter et al) whereby blood is diverted from the digestive system and other systems not required for defense. Evidence- Meisel et al showed a marked increase in body weight in female Syrian hamsters when socially stressed by being caged, finding greatly enlarged adrenal glands. Morely et al. showed increase in sucrose ingestion in response to stress. Although eating when stressed is inconsistent with the intrinsic physiological stress reponse, t occurs in real life and is supported empirically with stress thought to disrupt restraint and post-ingestional satiety feedback. Finally a review by Reid and Hammersley examining all studies on human subjects since 1983 dealing with the effects of carbs on arousal found half the studies reported some effect on alertness after consumption of a carb snack with individuals feeling relaxed or sleepy, but no specific effect on mood. In summary, it appears that emotional eating fails to produce any real or lasting benefit to psychological and mood states and that increased or repeated emotional eating may actually contribute to mood dysphoria. Chocolate craving is driven by a desire for hedonic reward and dopamine (responsible for reward) is the predominant neurotransmitter released after eating chocolate for the purpose of a pleasurable sensory experience. In contrast emotional eating is characterized by carb craving and is motivated by desire for the comforting effect of opioids (endorphins) to alleviate dysphoria and other negative states. Evidence that infusing antagonist naloxone reduced caloric intake in binge eaters, as well as the taste preference for sweet high-fat foods such as biscuits and chocolate in both binge eaters and in controls. Benton (2002) reported that poor mood stimulates eating of palatable high carb food leading to endorphin release. No chocolate substitute when crave chocolate (Rozin) but when crave carb hen any sweet fat food was consumed. Chocolate produces unique effect